tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10180076060232804382024-02-07T22:32:16.394-08:00The Visually Impaired's DREAM BrailleMy DREAM is for the Visually Impaired to have access to the wealth of knowledge available in written form on the internet, and for them to enhance their humanity by being able to read, write, and publish. I am hoping that your visit could help make this DREAM happen for the VISUALLY IMPAIRED!
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This site is your source of FREE materials (hardware schematic diagrams and <br>software) to build your own Braille Literacy Tool by yourself.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger11125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1018007606023280438.post-85206315809560191962012-12-25T19:48:00.000-08:002015-09-20T13:43:44.159-07:00Welcome to Ultra-BRAILLE!<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;">The DREAM</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Imagine a Braille literacy scenario: a room filled with blind children and adults enjoying themselves</span></h4>
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<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">some reading their English textbooks</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">some the Bible, the Koran, and other holy writings</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">some writing or editing a manuscript for a book</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">some learning French or Mandarin on the internet</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">some providing distance counseling</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">some teaching Braille in a classroom halfway around the globe</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">a scholar writing an acceptance speech as a Nobel Prize awardee</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;">PRESENTATION at the LinuxFest Northwest Conference at Bellingham Technical College in the State of Washington</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;">, April 28, 2013, 10:00 AM</span></h4>
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<a href="http://www.thcalasanz.com/braille/linuxfest_braille.pps">http://www.thcalasanz.com/braille/linuxfest_braille.pps</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.thcalasanz.com/braille/linuxfest_braille.ppt">http://www.thcalasanz.com/braille/linuxfest_braille.ppt</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.thcalasanz.com/braille/linuxfest_braille.pdf">http://www.thcalasanz.com/braille/linuxfest_braille.pdf</a></div>
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from LFNW website (<a href="http://www.linuxfestnorthwest.org/">http://www.linuxfestnorthwest.org/</a>)<br />
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The June 17, 2014 cached copy of my presentation is at my website at:<br />
<a href="http://www.thcalasanz.com/braille/five-blind-persons-and-hw-interface-one-pc.htm">http://www.thcalasanz.com/braille/five-blind-persons-and-hw-interface-one-pc.htm</a><br />
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The original version was at this URL:<br />
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<a href="http://www.linuxfestnorthwest.org/content/five-blind-persons-and-hw-interface-one-pc">http://www.linuxfestnorthwest.org/content/five-blind-persons-and-hw-interface-one-pc</a> </div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;">OVERVIEW</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">This is a "bird's eye view" of the Braille Literacy Tool (Ultra-Braille), that is a product of five years of research at the Ateneo de Manila University. In one year, a group of students would conduct an undergraduate research thesis on one aspect of the system. Another group of students would do another aspect the next year, and so on. At the end of five years, we had a complete system going.</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">I am a retired professional and a member of the faculty of </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">the School of Science and Engineering of the Ateneo de Manila University</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> (on leave). </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> I undertook the project, together with my students, listed below, who are now professionals in their own respective fields. They have agreed that this project will be "open source." </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Braille Literacy is very close to my heart, because I know that this is one bridge that can lead the blind to greater self-actualization and dignity, and claim their rightful place in society. </span></h4>
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<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">2004 - Abueva & Suamen / Calasanz (Braille Pins & Opening Files)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">2005 - Calasanz (Assessment and Planning)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">2006 - Flores & Pelecio / Calasanz (Edit/Save Text Files & Access Internet)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">2007 - Pacot, Palileo, Sabulao, Semblante / Calasanz Multiplexed Display & Keyboard & Ultrasonic Sensors for Navigation)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">2008 - Domingo, Pasion, Ramos, Tan / Calasanz (5-Terminal, One PC)</span></li>
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This is a cached screenshot of the March 31, 2008 "Manila Times" article on the project. It was continued on in 2009 to produce a prototype. The article itself is cached by <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2518&dat=20080331&id=i05aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DCgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1814,19011925&hl=en">Google</a>.<br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">FEATURES AT A GLANCE</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: left;">1 Mid-Range Personal Computer</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: left;">5 blind persons (each with 1-Keyboard and 1-Refreshable Braille Display)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">1 sighted person with Keyboard and Monitor</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">1 easy-to-build hardware box (intermediate-level technician skill)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">1 driver software (intermediate-level "C-Language" programming skill)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">FREE Open Source Vector Linux Operating System</span></li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi99ftqWbx079uk3NjQg9IlSOvul0KEdYgH_nof5uG4petc_JiR-2z4gVRNd4bzZTheATli21FEIYVbeD9cI8rkbyyF3nchyEyE6VBBCfDeO8FH2j7IJDeVd7Cn3EPOI2T7soD_5TnTA2V/s1600/braille+image.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi99ftqWbx079uk3NjQg9IlSOvul0KEdYgH_nof5uG4petc_JiR-2z4gVRNd4bzZTheATli21FEIYVbeD9cI8rkbyyF3nchyEyE6VBBCfDeO8FH2j7IJDeVd7Cn3EPOI2T7soD_5TnTA2V/s640/braille+image.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">PRESENTATION MATERIALS</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KuHcEtdbEVs">====> The Braille Literacy Classroom on YouTube</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> <a href="http://www.thcalasanz.com/thcalasanz/Braille_Literacy_Classroom.pps">====> The Braille Literacy Classroom on Power Point</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> <a href="http://www.thcalasanz.com/thcalasanz/Braille_Literacy_Classroom.pdf">====> The Braille Literacy Classroom on PDF</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">FOCUS OF THE PROJECT</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">What are the existing conditions?</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Where is the need?</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">How does the system fill the need?</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">What are the features of the system?</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Does the system complement/supplement other systems?</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">How affordable is it?</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">What about the skills level needed for its maintenance?</span></li>
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<span style="color: blue;">I am still in the process of providing further details, but ENJOY!</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1018007606023280438.post-41117686784231862212012-12-18T21:28:00.000-08:002013-01-22T06:37:01.338-08:00The Braille Literacy Tool<br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ONE low-cost mid-range computer, provides keyboards and refreshable Braille displays for up to 5 users, with a sighted resource having own keyboard and display monitor</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The computers can be networked in such a way that each computer will serve 5 visually impaired users and 1 sighted person.</span><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">FOR FREE - hardware schematics and the computer program will be provided to interested parties for FREE. The operating system, Vector Linux, is also available as open source OS on the internet.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Operating System is the Open Source "Vector Linux," that is available for free on the internet. There will be no need to buy expensive high-tech hardware, nor software, for this to work.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxY4JQjH7ZasD5x6xL8xIvQjiVSwSsTQJv1mfC_oMQiaFxHjlI1FOvzHYWJUuX5sen6VTLyW2XIuaXjSbOSv4RC1zxVqWwNHWzbVUOnwAXICI9I-QRm6JfB1ZjQwL36E6-IHHHR_7LSaOm/s1600/BrailleFavicon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxY4JQjH7ZasD5x6xL8xIvQjiVSwSsTQJv1mfC_oMQiaFxHjlI1FOvzHYWJUuX5sen6VTLyW2XIuaXjSbOSv4RC1zxVqWwNHWzbVUOnwAXICI9I-QRm6JfB1ZjQwL36E6-IHHHR_7LSaOm/s640/BrailleFavicon.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">By DESIGN: </span><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the Electrical Schematic Diagrams use "off-the-shelf" hardware so that the SYSTEM can be easily fabricated by anyone, with intermediate-level technician skills</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the Driver Software is written in simple C-language routines, for intermediate-level programming skills </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the Operating System is FREE and needs minimal computer resources to operate</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mid-range Personal Computers have been chosen to make a low-cost and affordable system</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The visually impaired will READ and WRITE, access INFORMATION and KNOWLEDGE available on the internet, or intranet, and enhance their contribution to the productivity of the community.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1018007606023280438.post-20227315598538442882012-12-11T18:17:00.000-08:002013-01-20T19:10:30.378-08:00Braille Standards<br />
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
</h3>
<div class="post-header">
<div class="post-header-line-1">
</div>
</div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-4646564048967887438" itemprop="description articleBody">
Various Braille standards have been developed
and switching from one to another requires considerable experience in
each.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="color: blue;">This TOOL will "translate" the Braille into a
standard of choice!</span></h3>
<br />
All that the user needs to do is ACTIVATE a
software SWITCH, and in many cases, voila! The Braille system will behave
according to what the user's preferences. For example, a user who wants to use
the Nemeth Code will simply activate the software switch for that standard. The
same goes one who prefers Gardner-Salinas, or Unicode Braille Patterns
(coding is in accordance with ISO/TR 11548-1 Communication aids for blind
persons), or BANA.<br />
<br />
Various Links Related to Braille Standards,
Representations, Patterns, etc.<br />
<ol>
<li><a href="https://nfb.org/factsaboutblindnessintheus">https://nfb.org/factsaboutblindnessintheus</a>
(Statistical Facts about Blindness in the United States)
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.worldblindunion.org/English/Pages/default.aspx">http://www.worldblindunion.org/English/Pages/default.aspx</a>
(The World Blind Union (WBU) is the global organization representing the
estimated 285 million people worldwide who are blind or partially sighted.
Members are organizations of and for the blind in 190 countries, as well as
international organizations working in the field of vision impairment.)
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.iceb.org/ubc.html">http://www.iceb.org/ubc.html</a> (International
Council on English Braille (ICEB), Unified English Braille Code (UEBC) Research
Project)
</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemeth_Braille">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemeth_Braille</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_Salinas_braille">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_Salinas_braille</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=3726342&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=40&Ses=2">http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=3726342&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=40&Ses=2</a> (CANADA,
40th PARLIAMENT, 2nd SESSION, Standing Committee on Official Languages)
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.brailleauthority.org/tg/web-manual/index.html">http://www.brailleauthority.org/tg/web-manual/index.html</a> (Guidelines
and Standards for Tactile Graphics, 2010 - Developed as a Joint Project of the
Braille Authority of North America and the Canadian Braille Authority L'Autorité
Canadienne du Braille)
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.cde.ca.gov/sp/se/sr/documents/braillereadstand.pdf">http://www.cde.ca.gov/sp/se/sr/documents/braillereadstand.pdf</a> (Braille
Reading Standards)
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.brailleauthority.org/update07/update07.html">http://www.brailleauthority.org/update07/update07.html</a> (BANA
Braille Codes Update 2007)
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.tiresias.org/research/links.htm">http://www.tiresias.org/research/links.htm</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://projectaspiro.com/en/service-providers/Pages/default.aspx">http://projectaspiro.com/en/service-providers/Pages/default.aspx</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.brailleauthority.org/update-cbc10/cbc-specialsymbolsupdate2010.pdf">http://www.brailleauthority.org/update-cbc10/cbc-specialsymbolsupdate2010.pdf</a> (Computer
Braille Code (CBC) Update 2010 - Special Symbols Page)
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2800.pdf">http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2800.pdf</a> (Braille
Patterns)
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.icevi.org/pdf/educator_january_2009.pdf">http://www.icevi.org/pdf/educator_january_2009.pdf</a> (The
International Council for Education of People with Visual Impairment)
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.abledata.com/abledata_docs/Braille_Writers_Printers_Software.htm">http://www.abledata.com/abledata_docs/Braille_Writers_Printers_Software.htm</a> (Fact
Sheet on Braille Writers, Printers and Software)
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ukaaf.org/bauk-site/docs/bcnn.pdf">http://www.ukaaf.org/bauk-site/docs/bcnn.pdf</a> (Braille
Computer Code)
</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindness">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindness</a> (Blindness)
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.brailleauthority.org/research-ueb/rrtc-ueb-pilotstudy2003.pdf">http://www.brailleauthority.org/research-ueb/rrtc-ueb-pilotstudy2003.pdf</a> (Literary
Unified English Braille Code versus Standard Braille: A Pilot Study Comparing
Experienced Braille Readers Reading Rates, Miscues, and Regressions)
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.brl.org/ebae/">http://www.brl.org/ebae/</a> (English
Braille: American Edition 1994) </li>
</ol>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1018007606023280438.post-33924975917128505072012-12-04T18:19:00.000-08:002013-01-20T19:11:25.888-08:00The Business Process<br />
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
</h3>
<div class="post-header">
<div class="post-header-line-1">
</div>
</div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-3914858339910207731" itemprop="description articleBody">
This is an “Open Source” “Braille Literacy
Tool” that anyone, anywhere in the world, can build on his/her own, for FREE!
One has to simply download the<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>the software,
</li>
<li>the electrical schematic diagrams, and
</li>
<li>the instructions on how to build it.
</li>
<li>Everything that is downloaded from this website will be FREE!
</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
However, not everyone would be able to build the system
themselves, nor would everyone be willing to invest the time to build it. Under
such a situation, there would be an organization that would sell the finished
product, hopefully at a cost that is subsidized by a non-profit FOUNDATION.
<br />
<br />
Anyone who will build and sell it for profit will need to contribute a
specific percentage of the gross sales to the FOUNDATION. </div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-3914858339910207731" itemprop="description articleBody">
<br /></div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-3914858339910207731" itemprop="description articleBody">
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1018007606023280438.post-64773974993534097252012-11-27T18:22:00.000-08:002013-01-20T19:12:05.400-08:00The Foundation<br />
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
</h3>
<div class="post-header">
<div class="post-header-line-1">
</div>
</div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-3733355866649449230" itemprop="description articleBody">
To fund this FREE "Open Source" service, one
could:<br />
<ul>
<li>Set-up a Foundation and solicit "Grants" for its continued operation.
</li>
<li>The Foundation will employ members of communities of the visually impaired
and of the handicapped to make and sell the product to those who neither have
the skill, nor the desire to build it themselves. </li>
</ul>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1018007606023280438.post-77688693702782962222012-11-20T18:23:00.000-08:002013-01-22T07:05:01.092-08:00Ancillary benefits to the FOUNDATION<br />
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
</h3>
<div class="post-header">
<div class="post-header-line-1">
</div>
</div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-3562838434393818342" itemprop="description articleBody">
<ul>
<li>Will lead the way in its affordable Braille Literacy Program! The program
progresses by integrating the internet into the every pedagogy. A study of
Shakespeare, for instance, might also include a search of commentaries by
authors and by the reading public, as well as, entries in Encyclopediae, and the
like.
</li>
<li>Anything that is encoded in a text file can be read in a refreshable Braille
display! Other non-text materials, such as images of text like Fax messages,
could be converted into text via an optical recognition system (OCR). And
affordable at that!
</li>
<li>The members of the FOUNDATION might decide to take up the challenge of
re-writing and customizing the software, opening up a new set of job
opportunities. And they could even accept software development engagements. They
might even bring the project to different, though, more effective directions.
</li>
<li>The Foundation, in cooperation with communities of the Blind, could branch
out into Braille Literacy Centers. To reduce capital investment, the Centers
might have only one classroom for many subjects and for different class levels.
For example, one user from one level could take up a subject in Literature,
another in Math in another year level, and so on. This is possible because each
user has an independent keyboard/Braille display combination and each user may
access different parts of the PC file-system, at the same time. When networked,
each user will have access to a whole new development and learning environment.
</li>
<li>Users may now access technical papers on the internet, or the intranet, and
conduct research that was heretofore possible only on expensive machines on the
basis of a 1_x_machine‑to‑1_x_VisuallyImpairedUser ratio. With this system, we
have
<br /><br /></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h4>
<span style="color: blue; font-size: large; font-weight: normal;"><i>1_machine-to-5_VisuallyImpairedUsers PLUS 1_SightedUser</i></span></h4>
<h4>
<span style="color: blue; font-size: large; font-weight: normal;"><i><br /></i></span></h4>
<h4>
<span style="color: blue; font-size: large; font-weight: normal;"><i>A network 10 of these PC's will serve 50 visually impaired and 10 sighted
users. Could one imagine this network extending from developed countries to remote, underdeveloped areas
of the world? </i></span></h4>
<div>
<span style="color: blue; font-size: large; font-weight: normal;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
<h4>
<span style="color: blue; font-size: large; font-weight: normal;"><i>A School or a Talking Book Library could TRAIN EDUCATORS at those
areas to gain a geometric multiplier effect.
</i></span></h4>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-3562838434393818342" itemprop="description articleBody">
<br /></div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-3562838434393818342" itemprop="description articleBody">
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1018007606023280438.post-90526435755013175952012-11-13T18:25:00.000-08:002013-01-20T19:13:15.953-08:00Kiosks and Community Reading Centers<br />
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
</h3>
<div class="post-header">
<div class="post-header-line-1">
</div>
</div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-8532152478517156630" itemprop="description articleBody">
What about setting-up strategically located
"Kiosks", or reading stations at "Talking Book Libraries"? What about setting
them up at Community Centers of the Blind? </div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1018007606023280438.post-5122047406772241572012-11-06T18:26:00.000-08:002013-01-20T19:13:43.541-08:00Technical Description of the Tool<br />
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
</h3>
<div class="post-header">
<div class="post-header-line-1">
</div>
</div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2745416091468261198" itemprop="description articleBody">
<ul>
<li>Get one inexpensive mid-range Personal Computer
</li>
<li>Attach one add-on hardware box to its printer port (easily fabricated, with
simple design)
</li>
<li>Connect 5 standard keyboards to this hardware
</li>
<li>Connect 5 Braille display readers to partner with each keyboard (simple
design using off-the-shelf electrical and hardware items)
</li>
<li>Install a free downloadable operating system with its built-in text-based
internet browser (Vector Linux 5 OS with text browser Lynx)
</li>
<li>Install a small program to communicate with the 5 keyboards and the 5
Braille displays (Simple C++-language programs easily maintained by mid-level
programmer)
</li>
<li>Results - one inexpensive PC serving 5 visually impaired users, PLUS one
sighted person using his own keyboard and monitor. (A total of 6 persons on one
inexpensive PC)
</li>
<li>Configure 10 of these PC's in a network - and you have a system serving a
community of 10*5=50 visually impaired and 10 sighted persons
</li>
<li>Teach the fabrication and programming to other persons with disability - and
you have enlarged the job market for those others, who usually have less access
to jobs
</li>
<li>Area of Innovation: inexpensive and easily replicable, using lower
technology PC's</li>
</ul>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2745416091468261198" itemprop="description articleBody">
<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1018007606023280438.post-80564026937187253282012-10-30T19:31:00.000-07:002013-01-28T20:50:47.437-08:00Hardware Schematics - Snippets<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">At this point, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">I want to state the hardware and software principles that guided the project over the five years of research at the Ateneo de Manila University (School of Science and Engineering's Electronics, Computer and Communications Engineering Department)</span><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">By DESIGN, the project will </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">use only </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">"low-level" technology, because they are more affordable and more readily available than their more "hi-tech" counterparts. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This translates into </span></li>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The use of the open-source Vector Linux OS and of Lynx Text Browser, and the use of TTL's (Transistor-Transistor Logic, such as the 7400 series), discrete bi-polar transistors, and wires, solders and nails. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The software system that we developed are written in "C-language", using simple routines that could run on mid-range Personal Computers. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">All hardware components are, equally, available from component stores in developed and in developing economies. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Both the Software and Hardware systems could be maintained by intermediate-level programmers and technicians. </span></li>
</ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">All my students have agreed that this is an open-source project that will provide the blind with access to vast sources of knowledge on the internet. We hope to provide them with some of the tools that are available to sighted persons, for their personal development, and for them to take on leadership roles in their respective communities.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The ECCE Department, where I served as an Associate Lecturer (now on leave), has fully supported these humanitarian principles.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">What follows are snippets of hardware schematics for the 5-terminal system. These have been refined over the 5-year period that the research was conducted. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">PC ==> Software ==> Interface Hardware ==> Opto-Isolator ==> Refreshable Braille Displays</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">PC <== Software <== Interface Hardware <== Opto-Isolator <== Keyboards</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihohz-qFNnVSeJjv1zmNBxCBh4pWzjBBjenhJTL6gqmgtrrQ1dGHw8Q7K6ekw9xHa9L7CdYesciF-8oCdkxqYCEU0UhkDsCAZtBOLIYpA5hZ4xU3wHpKD3dk2BnK-XOLrwmJXsNtzZ3-6m/s1600/System+Configuration.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihohz-qFNnVSeJjv1zmNBxCBh4pWzjBBjenhJTL6gqmgtrrQ1dGHw8Q7K6ekw9xHa9L7CdYesciF-8oCdkxqYCEU0UhkDsCAZtBOLIYpA5hZ4xU3wHpKD3dk2BnK-XOLrwmJXsNtzZ3-6m/s640/System+Configuration.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Block diagram of the overall circuit design. </span><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Entry from each keyboard is monitored at specific "bits" at the status port. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Each refreshable Braille display has an address, which is specified by three "bits" C0, C2, and C3 of the control port.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Each of the "pins" at the Braille displays are activated by codes sent to "cells", whose address appear at the control port.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirsbm2iIrsfuChoDDxZH4p9zGkA9VJZAPJ5T9Vqf51XvtrgmJjww2kfn25QZk3L7D1sioEfdYo0rP73wWT3mBPdQmnzyzG31eTZHJQcKsuvZfBA50egyHQoXwf8BVHGwi0-DZNiJGqOnWw/s1600/Control+Port+Pins.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirsbm2iIrsfuChoDDxZH4p9zGkA9VJZAPJ5T9Vqf51XvtrgmJjww2kfn25QZk3L7D1sioEfdYo0rP73wWT3mBPdQmnzyzG31eTZHJQcKsuvZfBA50egyHQoXwf8BVHGwi0-DZNiJGqOnWw/s400/Control+Port+Pins.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />Pin Designations of the Printer Port. </span><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Port 378(HEX) is bi-directional. In this project, it is used, exclusively, as an output port in order to accommodate older computers. It also makes the programming simpler, giving room for intermediate-level programmers.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Port 379(HEX) is a status port. Each of the five available status bits monitor one of the five keyboards. The signal from the keyboards are transmitted serially; while the status port receives parallel inputs. In the ordinary run of things, this is not a viable scheme. BUT YES, IT CAN BE DONE! We developed a hardware interface program that configures the five pins of status port to behave like SERIAL INPUT ports. And it WORKS!</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Port 37a</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(HEX) is a complex port, which has an output function, but also controls the behavior of the entire port itself. Care is taken that the program returns all the printer port configurations to their state prior to the program's usage of the port.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiINdZxVUharov6Ga-yVG5yK7CfnUXk3fmAn6Dd5sr4E6cfSQRcnczcA-3mLoQnVsDXiC9aSzUpLw49hDsHkcQNjiKyes_Y7Taitf5Q2WWlCdLwrK7EoqOSiyxiCBO9BJzFjKVnYhHmwYE/s1600/System+Chart.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP8latye3xw8E0pk5wVDXmQWDGRus_HHf8EUlV0wumVBZER1xTfw3p8Rk_fF3FvZkPxbYPzmrB5bJQB3xvnoU-qFnPdFWJf0yglFUbiPEkZQMkYQzE0EGG6oZqHrP4uF_nKmv4pn_wOQpC/s1600/PS2+Pin+Assignments.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP8latye3xw8E0pk5wVDXmQWDGRus_HHf8EUlV0wumVBZER1xTfw3p8Rk_fF3FvZkPxbYPzmrB5bJQB3xvnoU-qFnPdFWJf0yglFUbiPEkZQMkYQzE0EGG6oZqHrP4uF_nKmv4pn_wOQpC/s400/PS2+Pin+Assignments.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">PS/2 Pin Assignments. Two of the pins of the keyboard are connected to the computer, namely, the "Ground" pin (3) and the "Data" pin (1). The Vcc may be supplied from any source. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj99UvCLHFHCjCXUH9JMG99ck3vvf4towu8bE5Ro15zSNk36cLEjgErWqi3eh_XKEHHQkM3w2-o3R5NvA32ubQ5rC2fRZUMtku3TwoB11nqNPWxvyCYA4J96ZzyPdfGUNKbWn20wuY94nbE/s1600/Keyboard+Inverter+Circuit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj99UvCLHFHCjCXUH9JMG99ck3vvf4towu8bE5Ro15zSNk36cLEjgErWqi3eh_XKEHHQkM3w2-o3R5NvA32ubQ5rC2fRZUMtku3TwoB11nqNPWxvyCYA4J96ZzyPdfGUNKbWn20wuY94nbE/s400/Keyboard+Inverter+Circuit.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Keyboard Inverter Circuit. </span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The computer hardware inverts inputs from the keyboard, except the one connected to bit S7 (pin 11). For ease of trouble-shooting (e.g., connections to oscilloscopes) and of programming, we decided to use a 2N2222A to invert the signal from the keyboard connected to this pin. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This is a prototype, and all conditions are controlled. Even then, for safety considerations, we provided a diode that isolates negative-going signals in case the ground is disconnected, otherwise, the base-emitter junction of the transistor would act as a 5-volt zener diode, and burn itself. On the other hand, a positive-going signal would not hurt the transistor because the base-emitter junction would be forward-biased, and this section of the 2N2222 is very rugged.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In a system that will be working outside the confines of the laboratory, it will be essential to provide opto-isolators for ALL CONNECTIONS WITH ANY COMPUTER PORT. This will prevent any electrical transient from entering the computer circuitry.</span></li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCFc-k7NnWkrgKtc9i-3b_eNvy_qYXYqUjLQYSLyr9kHynBNqme5BLiNFFU25Qp0r88K-mEbCFS1iDFY77oSsbUZXZ6Olh6J8G95OD-Qtb81W53-Zb1Xkzj53YSQxBZTyf2cC2KD7hcvkT/s1600/Decoder+Circuit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCFc-k7NnWkrgKtc9i-3b_eNvy_qYXYqUjLQYSLyr9kHynBNqme5BLiNFFU25Qp0r88K-mEbCFS1iDFY77oSsbUZXZ6Olh6J8G95OD-Qtb81W53-Zb1Xkzj53YSQxBZTyf2cC2KD7hcvkT/s640/Decoder+Circuit.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Decoder Circuit - This is a rather involved schematic diagram and I will postpone discussion on it. At the moment, I want to provided a few words to the general aspects of the system.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk4NZFY-PCiC3U23UB471ROEcWGqY67F53xe1KTL0EhWsJQYSNupOH_c3u5HtGqRJjuANGmvNRnDCXUuDepi5DUebOWtcaVa5bNoGO0j4dNR-DHCC848bYBsWX2UjMCFKvj26rth-h7FmH/s1600/Terminal.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk4NZFY-PCiC3U23UB471ROEcWGqY67F53xe1KTL0EhWsJQYSNupOH_c3u5HtGqRJjuANGmvNRnDCXUuDepi5DUebOWtcaVa5bNoGO0j4dNR-DHCC848bYBsWX2UjMCFKvj26rth-h7FmH/s640/Terminal.png" width="640" /></span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Terminal Selection</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- This is a rather involved schematic diagram and I will postpone discussion on it. At the moment, I want to provided a few words to the general aspects of the system.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRANAlQlKLSPAhtGA4R6myQHLz61VtCwGZN5XPmzzoP5K7UE5CbKvV4dlc8EbTkCvPqPp3t-unzUCmOAljuTvu-Kq8nsVILrYyiP4SYV-gletVMiC0OC3Sc2EsFt5fZ26GF0O9Kc1H7fBF/s1600/Cell+Selection.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRANAlQlKLSPAhtGA4R6myQHLz61VtCwGZN5XPmzzoP5K7UE5CbKvV4dlc8EbTkCvPqPp3t-unzUCmOAljuTvu-Kq8nsVILrYyiP4SYV-gletVMiC0OC3Sc2EsFt5fZ26GF0O9Kc1H7fBF/s640/Cell+Selection.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Cell Selection</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- This is a rather involved schematic diagram and I will postpone discussion on it. At the moment, I want to provided a few words to the general aspects of the system.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSy2WknCSfvOZ0M5Gz3acPs215MZN9X3USnDRI4YT1YvFOdgvRTzMMkWqsJmB3f3FwoVZDmr5-JcmPJ6paEgclVMefPRQZCX1r-kz6oL4T4fiAr92Eo1taY7lRYlIEFxjhQnYSdIK5ZRzT/s1600/Data+Output.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSy2WknCSfvOZ0M5Gz3acPs215MZN9X3USnDRI4YT1YvFOdgvRTzMMkWqsJmB3f3FwoVZDmr5-JcmPJ6paEgclVMefPRQZCX1r-kz6oL4T4fiAr92Eo1taY7lRYlIEFxjhQnYSdIK5ZRzT/s640/Data+Output.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Data Output</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- This is a rather involved schematic diagram and I will postpone discussion on it. At the moment, I want to provided a few words to the general aspects of the system.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5j9lltQCPfeuclWmuZje_9q-nOwqVkYMcXRXgxoZ4fhOpkWtEOqpgYYOi-Bd1SmlMZs1pofremwx8Lp_rEkLcEIeB-CWzthts1tURpJMPvoTfT5iCq7nNBL8s_9bENzMhtnCNSs6pxSB6/s1600/Schematic.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="496" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5j9lltQCPfeuclWmuZje_9q-nOwqVkYMcXRXgxoZ4fhOpkWtEOqpgYYOi-Bd1SmlMZs1pofremwx8Lp_rEkLcEIeB-CWzthts1tURpJMPvoTfT5iCq7nNBL8s_9bENzMhtnCNSs6pxSB6/s640/Schematic.png" width="640" /></span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Overall Schematic</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- This is a rather involved schematic diagram and I will postpone discussion on it. At the moment, I want to provided a few words to the general aspects of the system.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The following "TRUTH TABLES" are very useful tool for the commissioning of the system. It provides the input combinations that are required to accomplish the control output. </span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrWo9GuV5km1hVy0p14rcQhbkQ7xxwkh_YXyvnn0Tr_xkLJJOwXH5wYT4S6nGDbvxv4tlhBaOAyO3t5rHPSKOioGjBjPEhHxPQreFYdr_uRBaLD-4OB4JlyTrsDIGzUYloa5RXLuhVWK8a/s1600/Truth+Table+for+Control+Port.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrWo9GuV5km1hVy0p14rcQhbkQ7xxwkh_YXyvnn0Tr_xkLJJOwXH5wYT4S6nGDbvxv4tlhBaOAyO3t5rHPSKOioGjBjPEhHxPQreFYdr_uRBaLD-4OB4JlyTrsDIGzUYloa5RXLuhVWK8a/s400/Truth+Table+for+Control+Port.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Truth Table for Control Port</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-qlULMJoFZi6X-QS5YPEWKtGI4eeYge0_AWal5a6nWkNDQp_xF1cb0a2G3aYWKtqcVSQvndASvZaThchRx3g_MvgUW-ZNe2xPCi_VU3CeH1tvxIGxQghGIIxhsDOwb8SDY1YQ9Ye4CKKF/s1600/Truth+Table+for+Terminal+Selection.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="121" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-qlULMJoFZi6X-QS5YPEWKtGI4eeYge0_AWal5a6nWkNDQp_xF1cb0a2G3aYWKtqcVSQvndASvZaThchRx3g_MvgUW-ZNe2xPCi_VU3CeH1tvxIGxQghGIIxhsDOwb8SDY1YQ9Ye4CKKF/s400/Truth+Table+for+Terminal+Selection.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Truth Table for Terminal Selection</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO47c71lbmWCi0bDqlmdDpzxgOtKLIW4ODypW2SFJcIyikR8_51shjiQwS5hMdDDobyK330YH4N4pXzW42xTTUewXeFXOjLTR7pE8fD6QhN3I5eibcoPQKSeRr58aXntHadlvBXwom3CWD/s1600/Truth+Table+for+Cell+Selection.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="121" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO47c71lbmWCi0bDqlmdDpzxgOtKLIW4ODypW2SFJcIyikR8_51shjiQwS5hMdDDobyK330YH4N4pXzW42xTTUewXeFXOjLTR7pE8fD6QhN3I5eibcoPQKSeRr58aXntHadlvBXwom3CWD/s400/Truth+Table+for+Cell+Selection.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Truth Table for Cell Selection</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAh2dcSTOcOsK6QAgI7xtA8KYMzvdaYo-bo2cfbL-EcKuuMtwPSI9qh7xSimZpvVS6uQPvIchxdtdSITgkQF0BZAFvxQpMn02q-Lv99Ob1gmh557kkiqkEc96D_z4dVHWj99ufmyvjgM70/s1600/Truth+Table+for+Data+Output.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAh2dcSTOcOsK6QAgI7xtA8KYMzvdaYo-bo2cfbL-EcKuuMtwPSI9qh7xSimZpvVS6uQPvIchxdtdSITgkQF0BZAFvxQpMn02q-Lv99Ob1gmh557kkiqkEc96D_z4dVHWj99ufmyvjgM70/s400/Truth+Table+for+Data+Output.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Truth Table for Data Output</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5ZWlSN6mTgMjU98f2XA_w_ikq1yRHXlwtaT2qCI8VLL3hh4-pmhBKn5hPJrNuxvd3KmKpaNPhvaCfcjfVoBrRpQ-KYygvPeyH-00jKP6T8XKtDSu7kzO__4qKPRMgIHUPl-zJNUnbZxrR/s1600/Decoder+Commands.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="118" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5ZWlSN6mTgMjU98f2XA_w_ikq1yRHXlwtaT2qCI8VLL3hh4-pmhBKn5hPJrNuxvd3KmKpaNPhvaCfcjfVoBrRpQ-KYygvPeyH-00jKP6T8XKtDSu7kzO__4qKPRMgIHUPl-zJNUnbZxrR/s400/Decoder+Commands.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Decoder Commands</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf3XKsQB9K-quT5nvxxOtG-9IOaMFaKlxLeC-iKkbu4QGjsSGPJt423wolU6jfAtuJT4vMxgUOx27QfXq_BQpq_Cm4eFpsQDo0cGG410lc2nHh-I7cYV1u1E3XkyjiP4Zs3VF-c_c6PxUA/s1600/User+Keyboard+and+Status+Pins.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf3XKsQB9K-quT5nvxxOtG-9IOaMFaKlxLeC-iKkbu4QGjsSGPJt423wolU6jfAtuJT4vMxgUOx27QfXq_BQpq_Cm4eFpsQDo0cGG410lc2nHh-I7cYV1u1E3XkyjiP4Zs3VF-c_c6PxUA/s400/User+Keyboard+and+Status+Pins.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">User Keyboard and Status Pins</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtFcwucxia6nx7whdhsyZHQg7M7SuL7d9C-gAG7VsCs3oSuua1uhKP1JYLwJ89Xy4PHHc3RMu3uJ2DY2uSrIQ800P_35K7-MFOrG8kCEZbIFsSyMqP_m8GDvnPSOk3CArKoKzgZAJcuzEw/s1600/Input+Byte+Read+from+the+Parallel+Port.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="70" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtFcwucxia6nx7whdhsyZHQg7M7SuL7d9C-gAG7VsCs3oSuua1uhKP1JYLwJ89Xy4PHHc3RMu3uJ2DY2uSrIQ800P_35K7-MFOrG8kCEZbIFsSyMqP_m8GDvnPSOk3CArKoKzgZAJcuzEw/s400/Input+Byte+Read+from+the+Parallel+Port.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Input Byte Read from the Parallel Port</span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1018007606023280438.post-8242314014593384472012-10-23T21:17:00.000-07:002013-02-03T21:09:06.393-08:00Salient Software Features<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The system software is composed of four distinct components:</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">VectorLinux </span></li>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />- "Speed, performance, stability -- these are attributes that set VectorLinux apart in the crowded field of Linux distributions.The creators of VectorLinux had a single credo: keep it simple, keep it small and let the end user decide what their operating system is going to be. What has evolved from this concept is perhaps the best little Linux operating system available anywhere. For the casual computer user you have a lightning fast desktop with graphical programs to handle your daily activities from web surfing, sending and receiving email, chatting on ICQ or IRC to running an ftp server. Power users will be pleased because all the tools are there to compile their own programs, use the system as a server or perhaps the gateway for their home or office computer network. Administrators will be equally as pleased because the small size and memory requirements of the operating system can be deployed on older machines maybe long forgotten." (http://vectorlinux.com/) </span></ul>
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<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lynx </span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- "<a href="http://lynx.isc.org/">Lynx</a> is a text-only web browser originally designed to run on UNIX, but today it also runs on Linux, VMS, MacOS, Windows and other platforms. It was initially developed by a team of University of Kansas students in 1992 for distributing information on a campus-wide information system and as a Gopher client, but it quickly became popular with visually impaired users because of its text-to-speech friendly interface. Although less used today as part of text-to-speech translating systems due to the technological improvements in screen readers, Lynx is still developed, useful, and it’s included as part of many Linux and UNIX distributions, including<a href="http://www.cygwin.com/">Cygwin</a>. Lynx is licensed under the GNU General Public License.</span></ul>
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<ul><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Some uses for Lynx:</span></ul>
<ul><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Reading documentation or downloading files in a text-based environment<br />- To access websites without graphical displays<br />- For use on low bandwidth Internet connections<br />- For use on older and slower computer hardware<br />- For fast, safe browsing of text-based web sites<br />- Search Engine View Emulation<br />- Incorporating into scripts and to automate tasks</span></ul>
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<ul><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Advantages of Lynx:</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />- Fast, free, and safe<br />- Handles cookies<br />- Has many options<br />- Multilingual"</span></ul>
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<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Control and Analysis Program written in C-Language</span></li>
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There are four of these programs, and they will need to be stitched together to form one working environment.</span></ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiINdZxVUharov6Ga-yVG5yK7CfnUXk3fmAn6Dd5sr4E6cfSQRcnczcA-3mLoQnVsDXiC9aSzUpLw49hDsHkcQNjiKyes_Y7Taitf5Q2WWlCdLwrK7EoqOSiyxiCBO9BJzFjKVnYhHmwYE/s1600/System+Chart.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiINdZxVUharov6Ga-yVG5yK7CfnUXk3fmAn6Dd5sr4E6cfSQRcnczcA-3mLoQnVsDXiC9aSzUpLw49hDsHkcQNjiKyes_Y7Taitf5Q2WWlCdLwrK7EoqOSiyxiCBO9BJzFjKVnYhHmwYE/s1600/System+Chart.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Obtaining User Input</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBgSYsAOYuqbPAQMqCoviSczkQHMct5TC7H6iVlnOr285aYLB92TO3to_QId76tyFj3_VtSa9qHswQqrWDMi9AfHd59hnu98iQb6InO072Y1K8sO2UUx_xXSW_qRc2EBFM69E8zxL9C1Ev/s1600/Child+Process.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBgSYsAOYuqbPAQMqCoviSczkQHMct5TC7H6iVlnOr285aYLB92TO3to_QId76tyFj3_VtSa9qHswQqrWDMi9AfHd59hnu98iQb6InO072Y1K8sO2UUx_xXSW_qRc2EBFM69E8zxL9C1Ev/s1600/Child+Process.jpg" /></a></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Hardware Interfacing Program, also written in C-Language</span></li>
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This program manages all the input and output functions of the system.</span></ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4Gnv_juqcEsDy2-WbhS1Gt_fCVxa3AhH2dZLqhf-S2PicLba4KKvrgetEFgumbLGToP1wMifkRttnr0elBrhe6qAkxj-Ix_c753jFqLuTaIB3-WMVizVmwymexi9UVNN3yJLFj4y2B9dT/s1600/System+Configuration.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4Gnv_juqcEsDy2-WbhS1Gt_fCVxa3AhH2dZLqhf-S2PicLba4KKvrgetEFgumbLGToP1wMifkRttnr0elBrhe6qAkxj-Ix_c753jFqLuTaIB3-WMVizVmwymexi9UVNN3yJLFj4y2B9dT/s640/System+Configuration.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">General Flow Overview. I am repeating this diagram here, because all the system and interfacing software are written to support this system configuration.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLf03Hgx1L4k2yxKzxTE3AYQNTi8DSbT533i-IiNEXlAW81oDNfYRqty5pYAsx0-GVs3h-4Ujo2u3ZB3wr5nBk9JUGSrcyyKPuEj3UnJPfG3LGjPzEu43pFtec06xtsIhYf0fhTpRPystu/s1600/Keyboard+to+Printer+Port.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="131" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLf03Hgx1L4k2yxKzxTE3AYQNTi8DSbT533i-IiNEXlAW81oDNfYRqty5pYAsx0-GVs3h-4Ujo2u3ZB3wr5nBk9JUGSrcyyKPuEj3UnJPfG3LGjPzEu43pFtec06xtsIhYf0fhTpRPystu/s640/Keyboard+to+Printer+Port.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Keyboard to Printer Port. This is a general block diagram of the system.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Five more keyboards are connected to the computer via a hardware system that connects to the printer port of the computer.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Paired with the five keyboards are five Braille displays. They are driven by the computer through the printer port, and a hardware system that bridges the computer with the Braille displays.</span></li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-fYwdz5RiCCMo8oMVsL8XOLJtr19sxUiusyFDSHpGoUWXzyPGn8Ajqwc0GvNVqbI0L7RPP7rAkQuTq403nHhe8GaEHsFyMZBPH-YRy6Tjp_aKt5VRPOfWutTg6kGJV2grh6zdG2JJDdsf/s1600/Keyboard+Waveform.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-fYwdz5RiCCMo8oMVsL8XOLJtr19sxUiusyFDSHpGoUWXzyPGn8Ajqwc0GvNVqbI0L7RPP7rAkQuTq403nHhe8GaEHsFyMZBPH-YRy6Tjp_aKt5VRPOfWutTg6kGJV2grh6zdG2JJDdsf/s640/Keyboard+Waveform.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Scope Tracing of Keyboard Waveforms. </span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">We superimposed two oscilloscope channels for this picture. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The lower waveform is that of the keyboard "clock", and the top, that of the "data" signal. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The computer translates a key-press into a waveform on its "data" signal line that goes out as a serial signal. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The computer receives this signal and interprets it to produce the key that was pressed.</span></li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim3ZdjRt6jFKJ9tfpex7zkJXdktI1B77-KifjZ4SWxs1O-SMIa_crKa0KNqsOSFGCuNhHnA1DPa8ooEGFZH7CiphBmJOCPqYCoUpYmUmUMGseudGwJYhDt6I7OhBBnG_2YboUQZgYJtwzl/s1600/State+Duration+for+(a).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim3ZdjRt6jFKJ9tfpex7zkJXdktI1B77-KifjZ4SWxs1O-SMIa_crKa0KNqsOSFGCuNhHnA1DPa8ooEGFZH7CiphBmJOCPqYCoUpYmUmUMGseudGwJYhDt6I7OhBBnG_2YboUQZgYJtwzl/s640/State+Duration+for+(a).jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">State Duration for the character "a". </span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">We have experimentally taken this ratio for each of the keys of the keyboard</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">developed an algorithm to identify the key in question</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">give the key pressed to our program</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">accordingly interpret the meaning of the key pressed</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The table below provides a Summary of Major Hardware Interface Commands The codes on the first two columns are in HEX. The ones enclosed by the square brackets "[" and "]" are in BINARY form. Keep in mind, however, that C0, C1, C2, and C3, have Inverting, Inverting, Non-Inverting, and Inverting outputs, respectively.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">37ah, 02 [1001] // command to select terminal, disable latch</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">378h, 00 [0000] // select terminal 1</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">37ah, 03 [1000] // enable latch</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">37ah, 02 [1001] // disable latch</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">37ah, 0a [0001] // command to send cell address, disable latch</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">378h, 00 [0000] // select cell 1</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">37ah, 0b [0000] // enable latch</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">37ah, 0a [0001] // disable latch</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">37ah, 0e [0101] // command to send data, disable latch</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">378h, 0f [1111] // send 1111</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">37ah, 0f [0100] // enable latch</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">/* at this pt, four LEDs light up! */</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">37ah, 0e [0101] // disable latch</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1018007606023280438.post-25453502315776985582012-10-16T16:05:00.000-07:002013-01-28T12:10:58.944-08:00Other Materials of Interest<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVnj6_f_QaiRbXhUXinR1aex7v9CxrJOF62gHAnwKdvzlBGtUIlethlU-UPw1YCJJhWohNauiRig44Cf_kN_crxj4rY-bzSFwlKWTeKLJIMQjdD7OpuQ-reukg_sy4kSAoO2HmAOnoD0CQ/s1600/Braille+Setup+at+Laboratory.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVnj6_f_QaiRbXhUXinR1aex7v9CxrJOF62gHAnwKdvzlBGtUIlethlU-UPw1YCJJhWohNauiRig44Cf_kN_crxj4rY-bzSFwlKWTeKLJIMQjdD7OpuQ-reukg_sy4kSAoO2HmAOnoD0CQ/s640/Braille+Setup+at+Laboratory.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Braille Setup at Laboratory</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyQEdLbiqnNNO13_srTQlNYjpfpmxFdcgeFHasljU6iSwzA1COYc6K_g0pbdLA_Gogax769_HM8jwysSshnrPENvfgd7e3bjFxFTO1bqLUPYBkBwq4KzxXzHn4Tsm_iq7qgmLErrtv-inM/s1600/Five+keyboards+and+the+PS2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyQEdLbiqnNNO13_srTQlNYjpfpmxFdcgeFHasljU6iSwzA1COYc6K_g0pbdLA_Gogax769_HM8jwysSshnrPENvfgd7e3bjFxFTO1bqLUPYBkBwq4KzxXzHn4Tsm_iq7qgmLErrtv-inM/s640/Five+keyboards+and+the+PS2.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Five keyboards and the PS2</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilljj5IoqiTrHDos10lGxFmDNCMqEUOJ0HzfNngm4Nz2MxEM61AzEaVG9kOLndzJiw_Hv9AE5paKAgtZEHrg2nc9wXX2eMnphS2kitVVVTLsaslSfcRQ_1kN6y8bwKY8cD6NQlvrdGf6Zi/s1600/Five+sets+of+Braille+displays.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilljj5IoqiTrHDos10lGxFmDNCMqEUOJ0HzfNngm4Nz2MxEM61AzEaVG9kOLndzJiw_Hv9AE5paKAgtZEHrg2nc9wXX2eMnphS2kitVVVTLsaslSfcRQ_1kN6y8bwKY8cD6NQlvrdGf6Zi/s640/Five+sets+of+Braille+displays.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Five sets of Braille displays</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisgvkpeIcK6sBCzZ8lNsPjepUEBCFHyiuj-g3AWyeLqb7veaCmqVtvBKk0yDqprsiOi58fiGr7nrkY5GtOv5Wkc64M1t03Lzkq4F6RE5FljSgk65r04JpzH4niZ_jQ5Vw_cMJ4T06fszaS/s1600/LEDs+displaying+the+contents+of+a+textfile.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisgvkpeIcK6sBCzZ8lNsPjepUEBCFHyiuj-g3AWyeLqb7veaCmqVtvBKk0yDqprsiOi58fiGr7nrkY5GtOv5Wkc64M1t03Lzkq4F6RE5FljSgk65r04JpzH4niZ_jQ5Vw_cMJ4T06fszaS/s640/LEDs+displaying+the+contents+of+a+textfile.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">LEDs displaying the contents of a textfile</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifTUntHF1SHbcn_MYu-92Fz5s8gady7c-RyVJabyYnuvZKrEtJTAM8NElZzyx7HRADaclLIiC7MsGoyq_0Zr-NwYjEpp2SG6CWbJynLRqJfNUXrh9vw-WNC_cbr_fiNOzEe8MEclerI7s3/s1600/Turbo+Debugger+Screen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifTUntHF1SHbcn_MYu-92Fz5s8gady7c-RyVJabyYnuvZKrEtJTAM8NElZzyx7HRADaclLIiC7MsGoyq_0Zr-NwYjEpp2SG6CWbJynLRqJfNUXrh9vw-WNC_cbr_fiNOzEe8MEclerI7s3/s640/Turbo+Debugger+Screen.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Turbo Debugger Screen</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKJRlxUaBruMhYNBT5rw36mQGuGMJcQrwwqIeu120mguR6PLXzk6BmBgT_Db3WmMDUMOiZMkfxBO_OxWypi90FgQybWEjTDsbGWrJ0yMIJftXc5vhL_1R10dxtJvXZd15iEKak1nmcnmPr/s1600/Refreshable+Display+Cells.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKJRlxUaBruMhYNBT5rw36mQGuGMJcQrwwqIeu120mguR6PLXzk6BmBgT_Db3WmMDUMOiZMkfxBO_OxWypi90FgQybWEjTDsbGWrJ0yMIJftXc5vhL_1R10dxtJvXZd15iEKak1nmcnmPr/s640/Refreshable+Display+Cells.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Refreshable Display Cells</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5Vw0mpWGVjjraFuVGz38Ujy_WVcyidiPDWcb_-jv7y0Yjni7-QV3_4lgMwCcyjnCbPKvZs1y9YRxp8abhFiBfpvrOzQzFMSTFyDLFgVUFgCqx1mXx6aJO-GBm70GCaZLii88OufBITPQW/s1600/Braille+Pin+Coil.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5Vw0mpWGVjjraFuVGz38Ujy_WVcyidiPDWcb_-jv7y0Yjni7-QV3_4lgMwCcyjnCbPKvZs1y9YRxp8abhFiBfpvrOzQzFMSTFyDLFgVUFgCqx1mXx6aJO-GBm70GCaZLii88OufBITPQW/s320/Braille+Pin+Coil.jpg" width="260" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Refreshable Display Pin</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbCGta9S1ucyvKEpZ5aATnMDEqEwMDRloLTzL0Dam5lmsayzTr1_d1ekBMy9ky8ma-F3MSAPWcvUoh0In-uOpcWvUJL6xwArK3Y3uMruKz7q_WG4WcBIEU-hWnH0GwqGrJSoMmvmvMwQCV/s1600/coil+driver+circuit.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbCGta9S1ucyvKEpZ5aATnMDEqEwMDRloLTzL0Dam5lmsayzTr1_d1ekBMy9ky8ma-F3MSAPWcvUoh0In-uOpcWvUJL6xwArK3Y3uMruKz7q_WG4WcBIEU-hWnH0GwqGrJSoMmvmvMwQCV/s1600/coil+driver+circuit.png" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: start;">Coil Driver Circuit</span><span style="text-align: start;"></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: start;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTxqTNuCQWAHiYlExx6z_l91AqWCvOfAp9JXiE4ofNLp6TLCHb2E88hgBIq2v8K-RJYM3XFbK9aaf-4btsAZxFgm56_SaK-kIbZ0LvGn14D0LJN1XLHqZovbcgzkk_e0c3jwfSksr0Yl4D/s1600/power+source.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTxqTNuCQWAHiYlExx6z_l91AqWCvOfAp9JXiE4ofNLp6TLCHb2E88hgBIq2v8K-RJYM3XFbK9aaf-4btsAZxFgm56_SaK-kIbZ0LvGn14D0LJN1XLHqZovbcgzkk_e0c3jwfSksr0Yl4D/s640/power+source.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Power Rectifier Scheme</span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNJCyAlH5aR6XFMLV5Crj8qPUPQ9swei3z4YhgYXO8IZ7dlb-OAwHeW6U1GRMXCNNBelylkPXnCaaJ0hNaLyhaldEtSlgpDifqqhXxN0xjptR7llvwuSM5JClmUnSP7k2-YXTzYboUPUsC/s1600/Braille+Power+Transformer+P4260037.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNJCyAlH5aR6XFMLV5Crj8qPUPQ9swei3z4YhgYXO8IZ7dlb-OAwHeW6U1GRMXCNNBelylkPXnCaaJ0hNaLyhaldEtSlgpDifqqhXxN0xjptR7llvwuSM5JClmUnSP7k2-YXTzYboUPUsC/s320/Braille+Power+Transformer+P4260037.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Braille Power Transformer</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgwtI5BVEqnfq24EexkR2WVN5WcE2wJIcfP4lA0m49wiO2vsFzs0rkC_cmJ0wleyOGLzyQkltjhNCTJ58LAdsIKv4-80PwKQuCQO5YFG28m1wdRl5LimKCYJa1i-vsjJGxce9_xDlDC9BC/s1600/Braille+Pins+P5180040.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgwtI5BVEqnfq24EexkR2WVN5WcE2wJIcfP4lA0m49wiO2vsFzs0rkC_cmJ0wleyOGLzyQkltjhNCTJ58LAdsIKv4-80PwKQuCQO5YFG28m1wdRl5LimKCYJa1i-vsjJGxce9_xDlDC9BC/s640/Braille+Pins+P5180040.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Braille Pins - 1</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzW1o5agI3kSPvJfHU7QxxxgKiqglQCB3Zy2TqM7Zz2lQgz6dOb_uKJw5VcUA5c5sYqhhNMgdrqAtLcYqxRH1_SS6UBKH1tmT3_39LeJh2ChZBrGeZqIZy-B8ugOc7idc6jky9H39eWpYf/s1600/Braille+Pins+P5180044.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzW1o5agI3kSPvJfHU7QxxxgKiqglQCB3Zy2TqM7Zz2lQgz6dOb_uKJw5VcUA5c5sYqhhNMgdrqAtLcYqxRH1_SS6UBKH1tmT3_39LeJh2ChZBrGeZqIZy-B8ugOc7idc6jky9H39eWpYf/s640/Braille+Pins+P5180044.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Braille Pins -2 </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The cells of this Braille system consist of eight pins per cell, using the UNICODE set (</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2800.pdf">http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2800.pdf</a>). The traditional Braille cell consists of the top six dots of the UNICODE set.</span><br />
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